Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and readability. Python is a General Purpose Programming Language that supports both object-oriented programming approach as well as a functional programming approach. It was created by Guido Van Rossum (also called as father of python) in 1989.

Python has several key features, including a simple syntax, dynamic typing, automatic memory management, a large standard library (means multiple modules), and support for multiple programming paradigms (such as procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming).

In Python, you can use the '#' symbol to add comments in your code. Anything following the '#' symbol on the same line is considered a comment and is ignored by the interpreter.

Python 2 and Python 3 are two major versions of the Python programming language. Python 3 introduced several backward-incompatible changes and improvements over Python 2, including better Unicode support, print function, and syntax enhancements. Python 2 is no longer actively developed or supported.

A list and a tuple are both ordered collections of elements in However, lists are mutable, meaning their elements can be changed after creation, while tuples are immutable and cannot be modified. Lists are denoted by square brackets [], whereas tuples are denoted by parentheses ().

Modules in Python are files containing Python code that can be imported and used in other Python programs. They allow you to organize your code into reusable units and provide a way to separate concerns and promote code reusability.

A global variable is defined outside of any function or class and can be accessed from anywhere within the program. On the other hand, a local variable is defined within a function or a block and can only be accessed within that specific scope.

In Python, exceptions are handled using try-except blocks. The code that might raise an exception is placed inside the try block, and the code to handle the exception is placed inside the except block. If an exception occurs in the try block, the corresponding except block is executed.

The 'if __name__ == "__main__"' statement is used to check whether the current module is being run as the main program or being imported as a module. It allows you to define code that should only be executed when the module is run directly, not when it is imported by another module.

To open a file in Python, you can use the built-in 'open()' function, which takes the file name and mode as parameters. To close the file after you're done with it, you can use the 'close()' method of the file object. Alternatively, you can use the 'with' statement, which automatically closes the file when you're done.

The 'self' parameter is a convention in Python to refer to the instance of the class. It is the first parameter of any instance method and is used to access and manipulate the instance variables and methods of the class within the method.

A generator in Python is a special type of function that returns an iterator. It allows you to generate a sequence of values on-the-fly, without storing them in memory. Generators are useful for working with large datasets or when you need to iterate over a sequence of values one at a time.

The 'append()' method is used to add a single element to the end of a list, while the 'extend()' method is used to add multiple elements from another iterable (such as another list) to the end of a list. 'append()' modifies the original list, while 'extend()' extends it by adding new elements.

Decorators in Python are a way to modify the behavior of a function or a class without changing its source code directly. They are implemented using the '@' symbol followed by the decorator name placed above the function or class definition. Decorators are often used for adding additional functionality or modifying the input/output of functions.

In Python, you can perform file input/output using the 'open()' function and various methods of the file object. For reading from a file, you can use methods like 'read()', 'readline()', or 'readlines()'. For writing to a file, you can use methods like 'write()' or 'writelines()'. Remember to close the file after you're done with it.

A lambda function, also known as an anonymous function, is a function without a name. It is defined using the 'lambda' keyword and can take any number of arguments but can only have one expression. Lambda functions are commonly used when a small, one-line function is needed, especially as an argument to higher-order functions like 'map()' or 'filter()'.

In Python, you can copy an object using either the 'copy()' method or the 'copy' module. The 'copy()' method creates a shallow copy of an object, meaning it creates a new object with references to the same nested objects. The 'copy' module provides functions like 'copy()' and 'deepcopy()' for creating shallow and deep copies, respectively.

The 'pass' statement in Python is a placeholder statement that does nothing. It is used when a statement is syntactically required but you don't want to perform any action. It is commonly used as a placeholder when writing code that will be filled in later.

In Python, you can implement inheritance using three types: single inheritance, multiple inheritance, and multilevel inheritance. Single inheritance involves inheriting from a single base class, multiple inheritance allows a class to inherit from multiple base classes, and multilevel inheritance involves inheriting from a derived class itself.

A virtual environment in Python is an isolated environment that allows you to install and manage Python packages separately from the system-wide Python installation. It helps avoid conflicts between different projects and provides a clean environment with its own set of dependencies.

To sort a list in Python, you can use the 'sort()' method of the list object. It modifies the original list and arranges the elements in ascending order. If you want to sort the list without modifying the original, you can use the 'sorted()' function, which returns a new sorted list.

The 'super()' function in Python is used to call a method from the parent class in an inherited class. It allows you to access and invoke methods defined in the parent class, enabling you to extend and customize the behavior of the parent class in the child class.

In Python, you can format strings using various techniques. One commonly used method is by using the 'format()' method, which allows you to insert values into placeholders within a string. Another method is by using f-strings (formatted string literals), which is available in Python 3.6 and later versions and provides a concise and readable way to format strings.

A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of key-value pairs. It allows you to store and retrieve values based on their associated keys. Dictionaries are denoted by curly braces {} and can be created using the 'dict()' constructor or by using the '{key: value}' syntax.

To find the length of a string in Python, you can use the 'len()' function. It returns the number of characters in the string, including spaces and special characters.

The 'break' statement is used to terminate the execution of the innermost loop and continues with the next statement outside the loop. The 'continue' statement, on the other hand, is used to skip the rest of the current iteration of a loop and move to the next iteration.

The 'try' statement is used to enclose a block of code that might raise an exception. It is followed by one or more 'except' blocks that specify the actions to be taken if a specific exception is raised. The 'try-except' structure allows you to catch and handle exceptions, preventing them from causing the program to terminate abruptly.

The 'finally' block in exception handling is used to specify a block of code that will always be executed, regardless of whether an exception is raised or not. It is typically used to perform cleanup operations, such as closing files or releasing resources, that should always be done, regardless of any exceptions.

List comprehensions in Python provide a concise way to create lists based on existing lists or other iterable objects. They allow you to combine looping and conditional statements into a single line of code, making code more readable and expressive.

The 'enumerate()' function in Python is used to iterate over a sequence (such as a list) and return both the index and the value of each item in the sequence. It returns an enumerate object, which can be converted into a list of tuples or used directly in a loop.

To check if a key exists in a dictionary in Python, you can use the 'in' keyword. You can check if a specific key is present by using 'key in dictionary', which returns a Boolean value indicating whether the key exists or not.

In Python, there are three types of method arguments: positional arguments, keyword arguments, and default arguments. Positional arguments are passed based on their position, keyword arguments are passed with their corresponding parameter names, and default arguments have predefined values if no value is provided.

To check if a file exists in Python, you can use the 'os.path.exists()' function from the 'os' module. It returns a Boolean value indicating whether the file exists or not. Additionally, you can also use the 'os.path.isfile()' function to specifically check if a path points to a file.

A set in Python is an unordered collection of unique elements. It does not allow duplicate values and is useful for operations like membership testing and removing duplicates from a sequence. Sets are denoted by curly braces {} or by using the 'set()' constructor.

The 'del' statement in Python is used to delete objects or remove elements from data structures like lists or dictionaries. It can be used to delete variables, items from a list, or keys from a dictionary, freeing up memory and resources.

To convert a string to a list in Python, you can use the 'split()' method of the string object. It splits the string into a list of substrings based on a specified delimiter (usually whitespace by default). Alternatively, you can use list comprehension or the 'list()' constructor.

Recursion in Python is a programming technique where a function calls itself directly or indirectly to solve a problem. It is particularly useful for solving problems that can be broken down into smaller, similar subproblems. Recursion relies on the concept of a base case, which defines when the function stops calling itself.

A module in Python is a file containing Python code that can be imported and used in other Python programs. It allows you to organize and package related code into separate files, promoting code reusability and modularity.

The 'random' module in Python provides functions for generating pseudo-random numbers. It includes functions for random number generation, shuffling sequences, choosing random elements, and more. The 'random' module is commonly used in games, simulations, and other applications that require random behavior.

To find the maximum or minimum value in a list in Python, you can use the 'max()' and 'min()' functions, respectively. They take an iterable as a parameter and return the maximum or minimum value from the iterable.

Python file I/O supports different modes, including 'r' (read mode), 'w' (write mode), 'a' (append mode), 'x' (exclusive creation mode), 't' (text mode), and 'b' (binary mode). These modes how the file is opened how data can be read from or written to the file.

To convert a list to a string in Python, you can use the 'join()' method of the string object. It takes an iterable as a parameter and concatenates its elements into a single string, using the specified string as a separator. For example, `'separator'.join(list)`.

A namespace in Python is a system that manages names assigned to objects in a program. It provides a way to organize and differentiate objects based on their names and prevents naming conflicts. Namespaces can be global (module-level), local (function-level), or built-in (containing pre-defined names).

The 'sys' module in Python provides access to various system-specific parameters and functions. It allows you to interact with the interpreter, access command-line arguments, manipulate the Python runtime environment, and more. The 'sys' module is often used for system-level operations and customization.

To remove duplicates from a list in Python, you can convert the list to a set and then convert it back to a list. Since sets only allow unique elements, any duplicates will be automatically removed. Another approach is to use list comprehension to create a new list with only unique elements.